# MSA Safety Inc

> Alpha governed public record. Unknown, unavailable, and unpublished values are never inferred as zero.

## Record

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Representation | alpha-profile-markdown-v4 |
| Protocol | Alpha Governance Facts Protocol 0.1 |
| Schema | alpha.governance.entity.public.v1 |
| Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce |
| Governance record representation | alpha-governance-record-v2 |
| Canonical entity | alpha:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637 |
| Entity type | Company |
| Canonical URL | https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/msa-safety-inc |
| Publication | PUBLISHED |
| Verification | source_reported |
| Verification schema | alpha-verification-states-v1 |
| Ownership | unclaimed |
| Published claims | 19 |
| Claims under review | 1 |
| Evidence records | 8 |
| Conflicts | 0 |
| Conflicts in internal review | 0 |
| Observed | 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00 |
| Last reviewed | 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00 |

## Identity

- Legal name: MSA Safety Inc
- Display name: MSA Safety Inc

## Alpha Governance Record

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Governance Record schema | alpha-governance-record-v2 |
| Ontology | alpha-governance-ontology-v1 |
| Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce |
| As of | 2026-10-22T18:33:32.821277+00:00 |
| Completeness | 0.409 |
| Record Quality | 0.831 |
| Directors | 3 |
| Committees | 3 |
| Governance events | 10 |
| Entity class | public_company |

## Section coverage

| Section | State |
| --- | --- |
| identity | PUBLISHED |
| corporate_structure | NOT_REVIEWED |
| board | PUBLISHED |
| committees | PUBLISHED |
| leadership | PUBLISHED |
| ownership | NOT_REVIEWED |
| financials | NOT_REVIEWED |
| capital_structure | PUBLISHED |
| compensation | NOT_REVIEWED |
| governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| shareholder_governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| audit | NOT_REVIEWED |
| legal | NOT_REVIEWED |
| risk | NOT_REVIEWED |
| cyber | NOT_REVIEWED |
| ai_governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| agent_governance | RESTRICTED |
| markets_external | NOT_REVIEWED |
| events | PUBLISHED |
| relationships | PUBLISHED |
| assessments | PUBLISHED |
| evidence | PUBLISHED |

## Board

- Diane M. Pearse: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2004-01-01. Committees: Audit (member); Audit; Nominating and Governance (member); Nominating and Governance (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:5
- Nishan J. Vartanian: Director. Status: current. Independent: false. Since: 2017-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:6
- William M. Lambert: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2007-01-01. Committees: Nominating and Governance (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:7

## Committees

- Audit (audit). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Diane M. Pearse (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:msa-safety-inc:audit
- Audit; Nominating and Governance (audit). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Diane M. Pearse (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:msa-safety-inc:audit-nominating-and-governance
- Nominating and Governance (nominating_governance). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Diane M. Pearse (member, current); William M. Lambert (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:msa-safety-inc:nominating-and-governance

## Executive leadership

- David J. Howells: Sr. Vice President and President, International [PRESIDENT]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:8
- Julie A. Beck: Sr. Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer [CFO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:9
- Richard W. Roda: Vice President, Secretary and Chief Legal Officer [GC]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:10
- Stephanie L. Sciullo: Sr. Vice President and President, Americas [PRESIDENT]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:11
- Steven C. Blanco: President and Chief Executive Officer [CEO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:12

## Governance events

- EXECUTIVE_APPOINTED: David J. Howells executive of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2026-02-12. Effective: 2026-02-12. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1ysbhp18hvqrt
- CFO_CHANGED: Julie A. Beck executive of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2026-02-12. Effective: 2026-02-12. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:k2khw1pims44
- GC_CHANGED: Richard W. Roda executive of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2026-02-12. Effective: 2026-02-12. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:q3f8cc11iiwtk
- EXECUTIVE_APPOINTED: Stephanie L. Sciullo executive of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2026-02-12. Effective: 2026-02-12. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:11n2jdj52zxh1
- CEO_CHANGED: Steven C. Blanco executive of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2026-02-12. Effective: 2026-02-12. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:18b63jhgm43ip
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Nishan J. Vartanian seat on MSA Safety Inc, effective 2017-01-01. Effective: 2017-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:z057651upvwj7
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: William M. Lambert seat on MSA Safety Inc, effective 2007-01-01. Effective: 2007-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:18w5jejsdpshj
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Diane M. Pearse seat on MSA Safety Inc, effective 2004-01-01. Effective: 2004-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1jb9btsam1vky
- COMMITTEE_CREATED: Audit; Nominating and Governance committee of MSA Safety Inc, effective 2004-01-01. Effective: 2004-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1oj1pue1ba6wkm
- COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Diane M. Pearse member of Audit; Nominating and Governance, effective 2004-01-01. Effective: 2004-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-22T04:48:10.328459+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:18qaosr71py77

## Scoped resources

- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/identity` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=identity
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/corporate-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=corporate-structure
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/board` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=board
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/committees` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=committees
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/leadership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=leadership
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/ownership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=ownership
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/financials` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=financials
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/capital-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=capital-structure
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/compensation` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=compensation
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=governance
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/shareholder-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=shareholder-governance
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/audit` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=audit
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/legal` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=legal
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/risk` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=risk
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/cyber` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=cyber
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/ai-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=ai-governance
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/agents` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=agents
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/ecosystem` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=ecosystem
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/events` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=events
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/relationships` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=relationships
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/assessments` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=assessments
- `alpha://company/msa-safety-inc/evidence` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record&section=evidence

## Role modules

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Attention

- NO_RECORDS_FOUND

## Committee data

- Claim alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:14: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:diane-m-pearse","name":"Diane M. Pearse"},"source_id":"board_seats"}`
- Claim alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:16: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Nominating and Governance","category":"nominating_governance","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:diane-m-pearse","name":"Diane M. Pearse"},"source_id":"board_seats"}`
- Claim alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:17: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Nominating and Governance","category":"nominating_governance","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:william-m-lambert","name":"William M. Lambert"},"source_id":"board_seats"}`

## Leadership

- Diane M. Pearse: Director, Audit; Nominating and Governance. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:5. Valid from: 2004-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:612c7618934b8dc05872cc3559546cd87de0140386763982efad4f7c6808d15c.
- Nishan J. Vartanian: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:6. Valid from: 2017-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:612c7618934b8dc05872cc3559546cd87de0140386763982efad4f7c6808d15c.
- William M. Lambert: Director, Nominating and Governance. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:7. Valid from: 2007-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:612c7618934b8dc05872cc3559546cd87de0140386763982efad4f7c6808d15c.
- David J. Howells: Sr. Vice President and President, International. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:8. Valid from: 2026-02-12. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:7d3ea818e9c0777f2fc36548f0962c97531c57721dbafecadd44ec7fea3944b7.
- Julie A. Beck: Sr. Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:9. Valid from: 2026-02-12. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:6ce422c04edf49cc2263472bbc32cea67869e6640409f8bcfc644913ebe7a506.
- Richard W. Roda: Vice President, Secretary and Chief Legal Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:10. Valid from: 2026-02-12. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:fa6e89137f4b47e705be2d0831272a5ce0f3c162da6aa7df650dba2e87dc2c65.
- Stephanie L. Sciullo: Sr. Vice President and President, Americas. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:11. Valid from: 2026-02-12. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:756a937e7ef30e49fa993460040d002b6ee66ce6fa24bf65137320ac7440b57c.
- Steven C. Blanco: President and Chief Executive Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:leadership_role:12. Valid from: 2026-02-12. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:f1616fab459e60ac3c4197e769dde88ca1b4089d4bf50c4930887a59bd9efaab.

## Roles

- PUBLISHED

## Governance

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Board committees

- Audit: Chair not stated; Members Diane M. Pearse. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_record:13. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a.
- Nominating and Governance: Chair not stated; Members Diane M. Pearse; William M. Lambert. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_record:15. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a.

## Financials

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Workforce

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Market and index context

- PUBLISHED

## Legal Name

- MSA Safety Inc. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:legal_name:1. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.

## Entity Status

- Public listing published. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:entity_status:3. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.

## Published Fact

- US. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:published_fact:4. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.

## Committee Appointment

- Diane M. Pearse: member, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:14. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a.
- Diane M. Pearse: member, Nominating and Governance. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:16. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a.
- William M. Lambert: member, Nominating and Governance. Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:committee_appointment:17. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a.

## Security Listing

- MNESP (OTC). Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:security_listing:18. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.
- MS$A (NYSE). Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:security_listing:19. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.
- MSA (NYSE). Claim: alpha:claim:company:f8890b00-efcb-4868-bab4-db0e0b0c9637:security_listing:20. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab.

## Coverage states

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Identity | PUBLISHED |
| Business | PUBLISHED |
| Leadership | PUBLISHED |
| Board and committees | PUBLISHED |
| Governance | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Financials | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Workforce | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Ownership | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Ratings | NOT_PUBLISHED |
| Market and index context | PUBLISHED |

## Public sources

- alpha:projection-evidence:15adcf30f1bf5ff7efacccd1ee609bf05d0a3c1514ab1c6b2c4124c69998bfab: [Alpha canonical company public projection](https://www.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:612c7618934b8dc05872cc3559546cd87de0140386763982efad4f7c6808d15c: [MSA Safety Inc DEF 14A 2026-03-26](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000119312526125902/d39378ddef14a.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:7d3ea818e9c0777f2fc36548f0962c97531c57721dbafecadd44ec7fea3944b7: [MSA 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657026000005/msa-20251231.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:6ce422c04edf49cc2263472bbc32cea67869e6640409f8bcfc644913ebe7a506: [MSA 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657026000005/msa-20251231.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:fa6e89137f4b47e705be2d0831272a5ce0f3c162da6aa7df650dba2e87dc2c65: [MSA 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657026000005/msa-20251231.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:756a937e7ef30e49fa993460040d002b6ee66ce6fa24bf65137320ac7440b57c: [MSA 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657026000005/msa-20251231.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:f1616fab459e60ac3c4197e769dde88ca1b4089d4bf50c4930887a59bd9efaab: [MSA 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657026000005/msa-20251231.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:88cb7383a8bea1436dfcbce82581c1a8b1b356fc0ed42de1b94c6eb271e2142a: [Audit](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000119312526125902/d39378ddef14a.htm).

## Rights

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| public_retrieval | allowed |
| agent_retrieval | allowed |
| redistribution | not_granted |
| model_training | not_granted |
| commercial_use | not_specified |
| relationship_pathfinding | not_granted |
| direct_contact | not_granted |

## Limitations

- Absence of a leadership role, committee, or disclosure is not evidence that it does not exist.
- Only explicitly published canonical company identity and current confirmed public roles are included.
- Absence of a board, committee, executive, listing, or claim is not evidence that it does not exist.
- Public retrieval does not grant redistribution, model-training, direct-contact, or relationship-pathfinding rights.
- This Company Profile is an identity and evidence record, not an Alpha rating.

## Alternate representations

- [Canonical profile](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/msa-safety-inc)
- [Public Markdown](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/msa-safety-inc.md)
- [Public JSON](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=record)
- [JSON-LD](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/msa-safety-inc?format=jsonld)
- MCP resource: `alpha://companies/msa-safety-inc` at https://mcp.alpha.ac/mcp


## Connected governance records

Only explicitly published, rights-cleared records. Missing records do not establish absence, safety, or complete coverage.

## Critical-risk oversight

Snapshot as of 2026-10-22T18:33:32.603463+00:00; recorded 2026-10-22T18:33:32.603463+00:00. Every published assignment for this snapshot is listed.
Only explicitly reviewed, rights-cleared assignments in effect on the as-of date, in the company's own wording.
An assignment shows where oversight is placed, not whether it is effective. Missing records do not establish absence.